Downhole telemetry and control system

ABSTRACT

A power transmission and data communications system for use in a gas or oil well borehole is disclosed. The borehole includes a casing and a piping structure therein and at least one downhole equipment module located therein. The system provides for the power signal that is used to provide power transfer to be modulated with data and control signals that are to be transmitted to the downhole equipment located in the downhole equipment modules. In particular, the system provides for the power/data signal to be electrically coupled to the case and piping structure for transmission downhole. The downhole equipment includes a power supply that is operative to recover the power signal portion of the power/data signal and to provide power to the other downhole equipment. A downhole receiver is operative to recover the data portion of the power/data signal and to demodulate the data provided thereon. The system can further include a downhole data source coupled to a downhole transmitter for impressing the downhole data onto the case and piping structure for transmission uphole. A receiver contained in the surface equipment is operative to receive and recover the transmitted downhole data for analysis and storage by surface equipment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §19(e) toprovisional patent application serial No. 60/266,189 filed Feb. 2, 2001;the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] N/A

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] This invention relates generally to power and communicationssystems used to provide power and communications to downhole equipmentlocated in a borehole, and in particular to a power and communicationssystem in which the power signal is modulated with the data to betransmitted.

[0004] Oil and gas wells are very expensive to construct, and it isadvantageous to operate these wells as efficiently as possible. One wayof providing for an increased efficiency in the operation of wells is toplace controllable equipment, such as controllable valves, downhole inthe well bore under the control of computers located on the surface.Several prior art methods have attempted to provide power andcommunications between the surface equipment and the downhole equipment.

[0005] Some prior art systems have placed cables in the well bore toprovide power and communications to the downhole equipment. Safely andaccurately placing the cables within the well bore along side of thepiping structure or string is difficult and time consuming to achieve.In addition, this requires additional equipment to be used increasingthe costs associated with the well. Well bores are a harsh environment,and numerous failure mechanisms exist that cause the reliability of suchsystems to be unacceptably low.

[0006] Several prior art systems have attempted to use wirelesscommunications system, relying upon the inherent coaxial nature of thewell bore and the piping structure or tubing string disposed within thebore. These prior art systems however, typically provide a low frequencypower signal and a higher frequency data signal. These systems typicallyuse toroidal coils or ferromagnetic choke assemblies placed on thepiping structure or strings to provide a sufficiently large seriesimpedance to the data and power signals to electrify a predefinedportion of the piping structure or string. This allows downholeequipment that either is within the predefined portion, or that could becoupled to the predefined portion, to receive electrical power bycoupling to the predefined portion and the casing, which is typically atground potential. Thus, the downhole equipment can receive sufficientpower for reception of the communications messages and data sentthereto. In addition, the frequency of the power signals in thesesystems will determine the amount of inductance required and thereforethe physical requirements of the choke. Since the power signals aretypically low frequency, typically in the 50 Hz. to 400 Hz. range, thesize and weight of the chokes can be quite large and cumbersome. Thismakes these prior art systems unsuitable for multiple-completion wellswhere the clearance between the tubing strings is small.

[0007] In addition, the casings and piping structures used in thesewells often have discontinuities that affect the characteristicimpedance. These changes, and other changes as well, in thecharacteristic impedance can lead to multiple reflections of a signalbeing transmitted. This multipath propagation causes inter-symbolinterference and results in an increase in the bit error rate. Tocompensate for this increase in the bit error rate, the symbol periodmust be increased to reduce the probability of a symbol being interferedwith. In the prior art systems, the lengthening of the symbol period isaccomplished by lowering the data rate.

[0008] Each individual oil or gas well is a unique environment untoitself. Frequencies and modulation schemes that work in one well, maynot be suitable for use in other wells, even those wells locatedproximate thereto. Prior art systems have suffered from the inability tostructure each well individually, since once systems are lowered intoplace, it is physically difficult, if not impossible, to remove andreconfigure them.

[0009] Therefore, it would be advantageous to provide a system forwireless communication and power distribution in a well bore thatutilizes smaller choke inductors, does not inherently limit the portionof the well bore that is electrified, and provides for more robustcommunication signals having a better signal-to-noise-ratio.Additionally, it would be advantageous to provide for a communicationssystem that is unaffected by multipath propagation and may bereconfigured.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] A power transmission and data communications system for use in agas or oil well borehole is disclosed. The borehole includes a casingand a piping structure therein and at least one downhole equipmentmodule located therein. The system provides for the power signal that isused to provide power transfer to be modulated with data and controlsignals that are to be transmitted to the downhole equipment located inthe downhole equipment modules. In particular, the system provides forthe power/data signal to be electrically coupled to the case and pipingstructure for transmission downhole. The downhole equipment includes apower supply that is operative to recover the power signal portion ofthe power/data signal and to provide power to the other downholeequipment. A downhole receiver is operative to recover the data portionof the power/data signal and to demodulate the data provided thereon.The system can further include a downhole data source coupled to adownhole transmitter for impressing the downhole data onto the case andpiping structure for transmission uphole. A receiver contained in thesurface equipment is operative to receive and recover the transmitteddownhole data for analysis and storage by surface equipment.

[0011] In one embodiment, a downhole telemetry and power system for usewith a borehole extending into a formation, the borehole including acasing positioned within the borehole and a piping structure containedwithin the casing is disclosed. The system includes a surface chokecoupled to the piping structure to isolate the downhole piping structureand case from any electrical connections uphole therefrom. The systemalso includes a surface system that includes a data source that providesdata to be transmitted, a power amplifier coupled to the data source andalso to an external power source. The power amplifier has an output thatis electrically coupled to the casing and the piping structure downholefrom the surface choke. The power amplifier is operative to provide apower signal having a first frequency and to modulate, in a firstmodulation scheme, the power signal with the data to be transmitted. Thefirst frequency of power signal is selected as a function of the depthof the borehole.

[0012] The system further includes a downhole choke having a firstinductance, the downhole choke is disposed downhole a predetermineddistance within the borehole and wherein the first inductance isselected as a function of the depth of the borehole. Downhole the systemalso includes a downhole system including a power supply electricallycoupled to the downhole choke. The power supply is configured andarranged to receive at least a portion of the modulated power signal andto provide at least one output voltage. The downhole system furtherincluding a receiver electrically coupled to the choke coil andconfigured and arranged to demodulate the modulated power signal inorder to recover the data to be transmitted.

[0013] Other forms, features and aspects of the above-described methodsand system are described in the detailed description that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

[0014] The invention will be more fully understood by reference to thefollowing Detailed Description of the Invention in conjunction with theDrawing of which:

[0015]FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a downholecommunications system described herein;

[0016]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the surface module depicted in FIG.1;

[0017]FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a data packet suitable foruse with the downhole communications system depicted in FIG. 1;

[0018]FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the downhole modem depicted in FIG.1;

[0019]FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the down-module depicted in FIG. 1;

[0020]FIG. 6 is a schematic of a low frequency model of thecommunications system depicted in FIG. 1;

[0021]FIG. 7 is a schematic of a high frequency model of thecommunications system depicted in FIG. 1;

[0022]FIG. 8 is a graph depicting the calculated relationships betweenthe magnitude of the characteristic impedance of a typical 10,000 ft.deep well and frequency;

[0023]FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the calculated relationships betweenthe transmission loss in dB for a typical 10,000 ft. deep well andfrequency;

[0024]FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the calculated relationships betweenthe time delay dispersion for a typical 10,000 ft. deep well andfrequency;

[0025]FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the measured relationships betweenthe impedance magnitude and frequency of a typical ferromagnetic choke;

[0026]FIG. 12 is a representation of the spectra of various signals usedin the downhole communications system depicted in FIG. 1; and

[0027]FIG. 13 is a block diagram of the surface system depicted in FIG.1, where the system employs OFDM for both the down-channel and theup-channel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] As used in the present application, a “piping structure” can beone single pipe, a tubing string, a well casing, a pumping rod, a seriesof interconnected pipes, rods, rails, trusses, lattices and/or supports,a branch or lateral extension of a well, a network of interconnectedpipes, or other structures known to one of ordinary skill in the art.The preferred embodiment makes use of the invention in the context of anoil well where the piping structure comprises tubular, metallic,electrically-conductive pipe or tubing strings, but the invention is notso limited. For the present invention, at least a portion of the pipingstructure needs to be electrically conductive, such electricallyconductive portion may be the entire piping structure (e.g., steelpipes, copper pipes) or a longitudinal extending electrically conductiveportion combined with a longitudinally extending non-conductive portion.In other words, an electrically conductive piping structure is one thatprovides an electrical conducting path from a first location where apower source is electrically connected to a second location where adevice and/or electrical return is electrically connected. The pipingstructure will typically be conventional round metal tubing, but thecross-section geometry of the piping structure, or any portion thereof,can vary in shape (e.g., round, rectangular, square, oval) and size(e.g., length, diameter, wall thickness) along any portion of the pipingstructure. Hence, a piping structure must have an electricallyconductive portion extending from a first location of the pipingstructure to a second location of the piping structure.

[0029] A “valve” is any device that functions to regulate the flow of afluid. Examples of valves include, but are not limited to, bellows-typegas-lift valves and controllable gas-lift valves, each of which may beused to regulate the flow of lift gas into a tubing string of a well.The internal workings of valves can vary greatly, and in the presentapplication, it is not intended to limit the valves described to anyparticular configuration, so long as the valve functions to regulateflow. Some of the various types of flow regulating mechanisms include,but are not limited to, ball valve configurations, needle valveconfigurations, gate valve configurations, and cage valveconfigurations. The methods of installation for valves discussed in thepresent application can vary widely. Valves can be mounted downhole in awell in many different ways, some of which include tubing conveyedmounting configurations, side-pocket mandrel configurations, orpermanent mounting configurations such as mounting the valve in anenlarged tubing pod.

[0030] The term “modem” is used generically herein to refer to anycommunications device for transmitting, receiving, or transmitting andreceiving electrical communication signals via an electrical conductor(e.g., metal). Hence, the term is not limited to the acronym for amodulator (device that converts a voice or data signal into a form thatcan be transmitted)/demodulator (a device that recovers an originalsignal after it has modulated a high frequency carrier).

[0031] The term “wireless” as used in the present invention means theabsence of a conventional, insulated wire conductor e.g. extending froma downhole device to the surface. Using the tubing and/or casing as aconductor is considered “wireless.”

[0032] The term “sensor” as used in the present application refers toany device that detects, determines, monitors, records, or otherwisesenses the absolute value of or a change in a physical quantity. Sensorsas described in the present application can be used to measuretemperature, pressure (both absolute and differential), flow rate,seismic data, acoustic data, pH level, salinity levels, valve positions,or almost any other physical data.

[0033] The term “electronics module” in the present application refersto a control device. Electronics modules can exist in manyconfigurations and can be mounted downhole in many different ways. Inone mounting configuration, the electronics module is actually locatedwithin a valve and provides control for the operation of a motor withinthe valve. Electronics modules can also be mounted external to anyparticular valve. Some electronics modules will be mounted within sidepocket mandrels or enlarged tubing pockets, while others may bepermanently attached to the tubing string. Electronics modules often areelectrically connected to sensors and assist in relaying sensorinformation to the surface of the well. It is conceivable that thesensors associated with a particular electronics module may even bepackaged within the electronics module. Finally, the electronics moduleis often closely associated with, and may actually contain, a modem forreceiving, sending, and relaying communications from and to the surfaceof the well. Signals that are received from the surface by theelectronics module are often used to effect changes within downholecontrollable devices, such as valves. Signals sent or relayed to thesurface by the electronics module generally contain information aboutdownhole physical conditions supplied by the sensors.

[0034] The terms “up”, “down”, “above”, “below” as used in thisinvention are relative terms to indicate position and direction ofmovement, and describe position “along hole depth” as is conventional inthe industry. In highly deviated or horizontal wells, these terms may ormay not correspond to absolute relative placement relative to theearth's surface.

[0035]FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of the presently described apparatusand method for providing power and communications to and from downholeequipment in which the data signal to be transmitted from the surface ismodulated onto the power signal. This signal, “the power/data signal”,provides power to the downhole equipment and serves as a carrierfrequency for the data as well.

[0036] Referring to FIG. 1 in the drawings, a well 107 includes aborehole 103 extending from the surface 105 into a production zone 134that is located downhole. A production platform 102 is located atsurface 105 and includes a hanger 109 for supporting a casing 104 and apiping structure 111. Casing 104 is of the type conventionally used inthe oil and gas industry and is typically installed in sections and issecured in borehole 103 during well construction, typically usingcement. Piping structure 111 is also referred to as tubing string orproduction tubing is generally a conventional string that includes aplurality of elongated tubular pipe sections joined together by threadedcouplings at each end of the pipe sections.

[0037] The power/signal apparatus further includes a power/data source114 that is coupled to the piping structure 111 and to the casing 104via cables 115. The piping structure 111 acts the hot lead and thecasing 104 acts as the ground/electrical return path for thepower/signal system described herein. A power amplifier 117 in thepower/data source 114 receives external power 119 from an externalsource (not shown) and provides a power signal to the piping structurewhich comprises an amplified version of the output signal of modem 132.This signal has a first frequency, a first amplitude and a firstcurrent.

[0038] Similarly, a data interface 130 in the power/signal apparatus 114receives external data/commands 121 to be transmitted from external dataequipment 123 and provides the data/commands 121 to a modem 132 fortransmission downhole therefrom. In one embodiment, the data interfaceis a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) interface, and thedata equipment 123 can include a local server at the oil field. Thelocal server can be interfaced via the internet or other wide areanetwork, via a phone line, wireless, or satellite connection to datalogging equipment, displays, controllers, or other data processorslocated remotely from the well.

[0039] Under control of external data equipment 123, the SCADA interface130 performs appropriate protocol conversion and formatting ofinformation for transmission by the modem 132. The output of the modem132 drives the power amplifier 117 and provides an output power signalthat is modulated with the data/commands 121 to be transmitted using thefirst modulation scheme into a data packet format discussed below. Thiscombined power and data signal is electrically coupled to the pipingstructure 111 and the casing 104 via cables 115 and propagates downholethereon. In one embodiment, the first frequency of the power signal isin the 0.60 KHz to 7.5 KHz band, and in particular is selected from thegroup of 0.750 kHz, 1.5 kHz, 3 kHz, and 6 kHz. The data is thenmodulated over this carrier frequency using a digital modulation scheme.In a preferred embodiment the digital modulation scheme is a 16-pointQuadrature Amplitude Modulation (16 QAM). Other frequencies and digitalmodulation schemes can be selected of course depending upon theparticular system requirements.

[0040] A surface choke 108 is disposed on the piping structure 111between the coupling location 113 and the top of the well head 109 wherethe piping structure 111 and the casing 104 are coupled together. Sincethe combined power and data signal is electrically coupled to the pipingstructure downhole from the surface choke 108 and the casing 104, theoverall effect is to impress the combined power and data signal acrossthe parallel connected combination of surface choke 108 and downholepiping structure.

[0041] In one embodiment, the surface choke is sized and configured toapproximate the characteristic impedance of the piping structure 111 forthe range of predetermined frequencies employed for the up-channel.Alternatively, the surface choke may be sized to provides an impedancethat is larger than the characteristic impedance of the piping structure111. This allows additional circuitry to be added in parallel with thesurface choke such that the overall impedance as seen by the surfacemodem provide a closer match to the characteristic impedance over therange of frequencies employed. In addition, the surface choke isolatesthe electrical short circuit at the top of the well from the downholepiping structure 111/casing 104 transmission line at both the power/datadownhole signal and the data uphole signal.

[0042] The combined power and data signal, or just the power signal ifthere is no modulation present, preferentially propagates down theborehole 103 to downhole choke 110 and develops a voltage across thedownhole choke 110. As will be explained in more detail below, thedownhole choke 110 is sized, dimensioned, and configured as a functionof the well depth and the number of other downhole chokes which areused.

[0043] The downhole equipment 118 includes a power supply 120, a modem122, and a sensor/actuator module 124. The downhole equipment 118 iscoupled across the corresponding downhole choke 110. The power supply120 provides power to the downhole modem 122 and sensor/actuator module124, and the downhole modem 122 receives and demodulates data providedby the surface modem. The modem 122 provides the data or commands to thesensor/actuator module 124.

[0044] The downhole equipment 118 can also transmit data from thesensor/actuator module 124 to the surface for reception by the surfaceequipment 114. In general, sensor data received from sensor/actuatormodule 124 is provided to the modem 122 that modulates a carrier signalat a second frequency with a second modulation scheme and impresses themodulated carrier signal across the downhole choke 110. The modulatedcarrier signal propagates via the case 104 and the piping structure 111to the uphole equipment 114. The surface equipment 114 includes themodem 132 that receives and demodulates the modulated carrier signal andprovides the data via the data interface 130 to the data equipment 123.In general the system described herein preferably operates in ahalf-duplex mode of operations wherein the surface modem waits for theappropriate downhole modem to provide a data received message inresponse to a data message addressed to it.

[0045]FIG. 2 depicts the surface equipment 114 in more detail. Inparticular, the surface equipment includes a protocol processor 206 thatis operative to provide the data protocol and line conditioningfunctions. In one embodiment, a master/slave protocol is employed inwhich the master is the surface equipment modem 132 and the one or moredownhole modems are the slaves, wherein each downhole modem isidentified by a unique modem address. The surface equipment modem 132transmits packets to specific downhole modems as directed by its datainterface, wherein each downhole modem has a unique address. Thedownhole modems only reply to packets bearing their unique address. Inthis way, the surface equipment modem 132 will establish a networkhaving one or more downhole modems.

[0046] The external data interface specified to the surface equipmentmodem 132 establishes the frequency of the power signal and thecorresponding bit rate to be used and provides this information to theone or more downhole modems via the packet structure. The transmissionfrequency is predetermined and set during installation, and may bealtered via the external data interface. Each data packet transmitted bythe surface modem contains a field indicating the transmissionfrequency. This data is used by the downhole modems to adjust or switchthe frequency of the power/data signal. The various downhole modemsstore this frequency in retentive memory and use the stored setting uponpower-up. If a downhole modem does not receive a signal from the surfacemodem, the downhole modem systematically searches the predeterminedfrequency/data rate combinations until a signal is received.

[0047] All of the modems, both the surface and the downhole modems,adaptively change the gain of their input amplifier to optimizeinformation transfer between them as well. Each downhole modem monitorsthe bit error rate across a small number of packets. The downhole modem132 changes the gain of the input amplifier in a first direction andmonitors the bit error rate across the same number of data packets asbefore. If the new bit error rate is less than the previous bit errorrate, the downhole modem changes the gain again in the same firstdirection and the bit error rate is again measured. If the new bit errorrate is greater than the previous bit error rate then the gain ischanged in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, and thebit error rate is measured. If a predetermined number of changes doesnot result in a change of gain, then a bit rate peak has been found andthe gain is maintained at the current value for a predetermined periodof time.

[0048] The surface modem 132 includes a power supply 232, a receiver204, and a transmitter 202. The receiver 204 and the transmitter 202 arecoupled to the piping structure 111 and the casing 104 via the coupler130 that includes a receive coupler 203 and a transmit coupler 226. Thepower supply 232 is coupled to an external power source 132 and providesselected output voltages. In the illustrative embodiment, the powersupply 232 provides ±5V and ±12V.

[0049] The receiver 204 includes an input notch filter 212 that receivesthe transmitted signal from the receive coupler 203 and that is coupledto the protocol processor 206 and receives the frequency data therefrom.The notch filter 212 is designed to provide a passband that includes theuphole communications signal frequency but blocks the frequency of theunmodulated downhole power signal. In one embodiment, the notch filterprovides 80 dB of attenuation to the power signal carrier frequency.Accordingly, the notch filter is responsive to a frequency commandreceived from the protocol processor 206 and adjusts the centerfrequency of the notch to correspond to the selected upholecommunications signal frequency. The notch filter 212 provides thenotch-filtered signal to a lowpass and a highpass filter 214 and 216respectively. The lowpass filter 212 and highpass filter 214 togetherform a bandpass filter that has a passband that corresponds to thecarrier signals used in the uphole communications signal provided by thedownhole modem. The filtered signal is then provided to a variable gainamplifier 218 that is coupled to the protocol processor 206. Theprotocol processor adjusts the gain of the amplifier as discussed above.The filtered and amplified signal is then provided to the receive DSP222 via A/D converter 222A, which is preferably an eight-bit analog todigital converter. The receive DSP 222 performs the required functionsthat are required for demodulation of the particular modulation scheme.Such functions may include without limitation, packet synchronization,de-modulation, bit de-interleaving, packet de-framing, symbol decoding,and error correction of the particular modulation scheme. This data isthen provided to the protocol processor 206 that provides the data in anoutput data format. For example, the data output format may be in aTCP/IP format or an ASCII based format suitable for use with an RS-232link to a conventional oilfield SCADA system. Preferably, the receiveDSP is a programmable DSP processor of the sort available from TexasInstruments, Analog Devices, and other manufacturers.

[0050] The surface modem also includes a transmitter 202. Thetransmitter 202 includes a transmitter DSP 220 that is coupled to theprotocol processor 208 and receives data to be transmitted and controlsignals therefrom. The transmitter DSP 220 performs the variousfunctions required for transmission of data. These functions can includewithout limitation bit interleaving, packet framing, symbol encoding,modulation in the first modulation format. The output of the transmitterDSP 220 is passed to D/A 220A, which is preferably an eight-bit digitalto analog converter, and then to the power amplifier 117.

[0051] Power amplifier 117 receives the data to be transmitted from theD/A 220A and is further coupled to an external power source 132. Thepower amplifier provides the power signal with or without datamodulation as discussed above. The power amplifier can be a conventionalanalog push-pull amplifier that is sized and configured to drive thepipe structure through the coupler 130 and in particular via transmittercoupler 226 and series capacitor 228. In the illustrated embodiment, thetransmitter coupler 226 is a transformer having a turns ratio thatprovides for a proper impedance match between the power output stage ofthe amplifier and the characteristic impedance of the piping structure111. Alternatively, the power amplifier may be a high frequencyswitching circuit with switching control and feedback compensationprovided by the transmit DSP 220.

[0052]FIG. 3 depicts a packet suitable for use with the downholecommunications apparatus described herein. The packet 300 includes afour-byte synchronization preamble 302, a two-byte link control portion304 that includes a slave address, the origin of the packet,acknowledgement, sequence, a new address, or a test mode loop backsetting. The packet 300 also includes a channel control portion 306 thatprovides for signal strength, symbol rate, down-channel frequency, andas will be explained in more detail below, an orthogonal frequencydivision multiplex sub-channel usage. The packet further includes one totwo hundred fifty five bytes of data payload 308 and four-bytes of errorcodes 310.

[0053]FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of the downhole modem 122. Thedownhole modem 122 includes a receiver 402 and a transmitter 404 thatare coupled to the piping structure 111 and across the downhole choke110 via a communications coupler 408 and a series capacitor 410. Thecommunications coupler 408, which in the illustrated embodiment is atransformer, and the series capacitor provide a first stage bandpassfilter function. The receiver 204 includes an input lowpass filter 412that receives the transmitted signal from the communications coupler 408and provides the lowpass filtered signal to a highpass filter 414. Thebandpass filter action of the communications coupler 408 and the seriescapacitor 410 in combination with the lowpass filter 412 and thehighpass filter 414 provide a passband for the carrier frequency of thepower/data signal. In the illustrated embodiment the passband is from0.3 kHz to 8 kHz, where the carrier signal of the power/data signal is0.6 kHz to 7.5 kHz. The filtered signal is then provided to a variablegain amplifier 416 the gain of which is determined by the protocolprocessor 406. The protocol processor 406 adjusts the gain of theamplifier 416, as discussed above. In the illustrated embodiment, thegain can be selected from 0 to 64 dB in 8 logarithmically equal steps.The filtered and amplified signal is then provided to the receive DSP418 via A/D converter 418, which is preferably an eight-bit analog todigital converter. The receive DSP 418 performs the functions requiredfor demodulation of the particular modulation scheme. In the illustratedembodiment, a 16 QAM digital modulation scheme is used and can bedemodulated using conventional DSP methods. Such functions may includewithout limitation, synchronization, demodulation, bit de-interleaving,packet de-framing, symbol decoding, error detection and correction ofthe particular modulation scheme used in the downhole transmission ofdata. This data is then provided to the protocol processor 406 thatprovides the data in an output data format on interprocessor bus 424.The interprocessor bus is used to interconnect multiple applicationrelated function blocks that may be present in different combinationsdepending on the system requirements of a particular well borehole. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the interprocessor bus is a SPI bus of theform included in many industry-standard embedded controllers, forexample those offered by National Semiconductor and Microchip.

[0054] The downhole modem 122 also includes a transmitter 404. Thetransmitter 404 includes a transmitter DSP 420 that is coupled to theprotocol processor 406 and receives data to be transmitted and controlsignals therefrom. The transmitter DSP 420 performs the variousfunctions required for transmission of data. These functions can includewithout limitation bit interleaving, packet framing, symbol encoding,modulation in the modulation format selected for the uphole transmissionof data. The output of the transmitter DSP 420 is passed to D/A 420A,which is preferably an eight-bit digital to analog converter, and thento the power amplifier 422. In the illustrated embodiment, the carriersignal for the data transmitted uphole by the downhole modem is in the60-124 kHz band. In the illustrated embodiment the data transmitteduphole is modulated using a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) andorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

[0055] Power amplifier 422 is a conventional analog push-pull amplifierthat is sized and configured to drive the pipe structure through thecommunications coupler 408 and series capacitor 410. In the illustratedembodiment, the communications coupler 408 is a transformer having aturns ratio that provides for a proper impedance match between the poweroutput stage of the amplifier and the characteristic impedance of thepiping structure 111. Alternatively, the power amplifier may be a highfrequency switching circuit with switching control and feedbackcompensation provided by the transmit DSP 420. The circuitry of thepower amplifier and the coupler is such that when the downhole modem isnot transmitting data, the impedance of the power amplifier in parallelwith choke 110 is low in the frequencies employed for up-channelmodulation. This low impedance at the up-channel frequencies permitssignals from downhole modem units that are situated further down thetubing string to pass through the intermediate downhole units to thesurface modem.

[0056]FIG. 5 depicts a more detailed block diagram of the downholeequipment 118. In FIG. 5, a communications coupler 408 and seriescapacitor 410 are coupled to the downhole choke 110 as described abovewith respect to FIG. 4. The downhole modem 124 is configured andarranged as discussed above with respect to FIG. 4. The interprocessorbus 424 is coupled to one or more sensor/actuators within module 124.The sensor/actuator module 124 can include one or more sensors asdepicted in FIG. 5 and may also include microprocessors or controllersas well. The sensors may include an acoustic sensor 502 coupled to aacoustic DSP module 504 that is interfaced to the interprocessor bus424. Other sensors may include various analog sensors such as pressure,temperature, and flow rate sensors that are coupled to one or moreanalog to digital converters 508, or to an A/D input for amicroprocessor. In addition, one or more actuators may be coupled to theinterprocessor bus 424. The actuators may include one or more valvemotor drivers 516 that are coupled to and drive one or morecorresponding motors 512. In addition, there may be discreteinput/output drivers 514 that drive actuators or receive data from otherinputs. These actuators and sensors 516 may include contact sensors,on/off control inputs, or other input/outputs necessary for theefficient operation of an oil or gas well.

[0057] The downhole equipment 118 also includes a power supply 120coupled across the corresponding downhole choke 110 via power coupler518 and series capacitor 520. The power supply 120 is operative toreceive the modulated power signal and convert it to one or more outputvoltages that are required to power the downhole equipment. In theillustrated embodiment, the power supply 120 is a switching power supplyoperating at 200 kHz or higher. The power supply 120 is operative toconvert the received power signal at the first frequency and provides DCoutput voltages of +12 volts and ±5 volts.

[0058] An important consideration in the design and implementation ofthe above described system is the impedance value at various points inthe well bore. The impedance in the borehole of the well is a functionof the frequency of the signal of interest and the depth of interest.The piping structure 111 and the casing 104 of the well form a coaxialtransmission line that serves to conduct power and communicationssignals to and from the downhole module(s). For the illustratedembodiment, the annulus between the outer surface of the pipingstructure 111 and the inner surface of the casing 104 is filled withcompressed air or another compressed gas. Thus, the relative dielectricconstant of the coaxial structure is one and transverse electromagnetic(TEM) propagation occurs at the free space velocity of light,approximately 1 ns/ft. For a signal having a frequency such that thewavelength is less than one-tenth of the transmission line length, asimple lumped circuit model is accurate enough for design andimplementation purposes. For a ten-thousand foot well, the one-tenthwavelength corresponds to a frequency of about 10 kHz. For a steel pipeused as the piping structure 111, the skin depth at 1 kHz isapproximately 19 mils, at 60 Hz the skin depth is approximately 75 mils.Since the casing 104 and piping structure 111 are significantly thickerthan this, calculations of the series impedance should include thesurface impedance that arises from skin effect. At the lower frequenciesof interest, the series resistance of the steel coaxial system isdominated by skin depth; also the series inductance arising from theskin effect can exceed the coaxial inductance, i.e., the inductancecalculated based on the magnetic flux within the coaxial annulus. Theskin effect impedance of the casing 104 and piping structure 111 can becalculated by first calculating the skin depth: $\begin{matrix}{\delta = \sqrt{\frac{\rho}{\pi \cdot f \cdot \mu_{0} \cdot \mu_{r}}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

[0059] and then calculating the series resistance/unit length of thecoaxial structure arising from the skin effect that is given by:$\begin{matrix}{R_{s} = {\sqrt{\frac{\rho \cdot f \cdot \mu_{0} \cdot \mu_{r}}{\pi}}\quad \left( {\frac{1}{d_{0}} - \frac{1}{d_{i}}} \right)}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

[0060] The inductance inherent to the coaxial geometry bounded by theouter surface of the piping structure 111 and the inner surface of thecasing 104 is given by: $\begin{matrix}{L = {200{\ln \left( \frac{d_{0}}{d_{i}} \right)}\frac{n\quad H}{m}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

[0061] and the capacitance is given by: $\begin{matrix}{C = {\frac{1}{18 \cdot {\ln \left( \frac{d_{o}}{d_{i}} \right)}}\frac{n\quad F}{m}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

[0062] Where ρ is the resistivity of conductor, μ₀ is the permeabilityof free space, μ_(r) is the relative permeability of the conductor, f isthe frequency of interest, d₀ is the inner diameter of the casing 104,and d_(i) is the outer diameter of the piping structure 111.

[0063]FIG. 6 depicts a low frequency model of the well structure. Itshould be noted that the series resistance and the series inductancedominate the series impedance of the low frequency model, and that theshunt capacitance is not significant at these frequencies. Inductancevariation with frequency of the downhole choke is highly dependent onthe materials and construction techniques employed in making the choke.In general, at low frequencies where losses are negligible, the chokeimpedance increases linearly with frequency. As losses become moresignificant with increasing frequency, the rate of change of thisimpedance with respect to frequency can change from a linearrelationship to a square root or cube root relationship

[0064]FIG. 7 depicts a high frequency model of the well structure, inwhich two downhole chokes and corresponding downhole modules are shown.The first downhole choke is referred to as a mid-hole choke and thecorresponding mid-hole module can be connected in parallel with thecorresponding choke. This is referred to as a series connection. Theimpedance solely provided by a few feet of the piping structure 111 isinadequate to develop sufficient voltage to transfer both power andcommunications signals. For a mid-hole module, the corresponding chokeincreases the local impedance of the piping structure and providessufficient impedance to develop sufficient voltage to locally transferboth power and communications to the mid-hole module. In doing sohowever, the voltages available downhole from this mid-hole locationwill be decreased due to the voltage division of the series connectedimpedances.

[0065] Alternatively, the mid-hole module may be connected from thepiping structure 111 to the case 104. This is referred to as aparallel-connected mid-hole module. In this instance, a sufficientvoltage is developed between the case and the piping structure totransfer both power and communications. In this alternative connection,no mid-hole choke is required and the attenuation of the power/datasignal due to voltage division is not present. However, in thisalternative embodiment a reliable electrical connection to the case fromthe module mounted on the piping structure is required and may introducesome mechanical complexity.

[0066] For the frequencies of interest in FIG. 7, the distributed modelmust include the series resistance, the series inductance, and the shuntcapacitance. For a coaxial steel structure that includes a 9″ innerdiameter casing 104 and a 3″ outer diameter of the piping structure 111,FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 depict the variation of the characteristic impedance,the variation of the attenuation, and the time dispersion of this systemfor a frequency range between 1 kHz and 100 kHz. Although theattenuation and time dispersion appear benign from a communicationssystem perspective, empirical observations on wells indicate thatattenuation at the higher frequencies, i.e., 20 kHz to 100 kHz may besignificantly higher than theory would suggest. For these higherfrequencies, system calculations based on these analytical calculationsshould be considered to be a lower bound on the variable of interest.

[0067]FIG. 11 depicts empirical data for a scaled down model of adownhole choke. This choke was composed of 20 toroids of 1 milSupermalloy (manufactured by Magnetics Inc), each toroid has an outerdiameter of 1.5″, an inner diameter of 0.75″, and a height of 0.375″.Thus, the entire choke has a length of 7.5″. The assembly of toroids wasmounted in a 20″ long copper coaxial system which had negligiblecontribution for the impedance measured. The impedance of this chokefrom 1 kHz to 20 MHz is given by the solid trace 1102. The break inslope at 10 kHz (emphasized by dot-dash lines) is caused by eddycurrents starting to become significant around a few kHz. The decreaseof impedance above 7 MHz may be due to the decreasing capacitiveimpedance between overlapping wraps of the Supermalloy.

[0068] To facilitate the design of the power matching networks at lowfrequencies, it is desirable that the capacitance values are not overlylarge for forming parallel resonant structures in conjunction with acorresponding choke. In addition, in some situations it may be desirablefor the choke impedance to exceed the piping structure/casingcharacteristic impedance at the higher frequencies used for the upholecommunications signals, although this is not required. A choke withdouble the impedance of that depicted in FIG. 11 meets these criteria.Thus, for a downhole signal having a frequency of 1 kHz, the inductivereactance for a 10,000 ft. well is 12 ohms, leading to a correspondingresonating capacitance of 13.25 microfarads. In the frequency range ofthe uphole communications signals, i.e., 60-124 kHz, the ratio of thechoke impedance magnitude to the transmission line characteristicimpedance may range from 2 to 4 and preferably be between 2.7 to 3.7.

[0069] The inductance of a lossless coaxial choke is proportional tothree factors: 1) permeability, 2) length, and 3) the log ratio of theouter diameter to the inner diameter. These relationships holdsufficiently well for a lossy choke to provide a basis for extrapolatingthe design of another choke so long as the ratio of the outer diameterto the inner diameter is not varied too much. If M₀ is the impedancemagnitude at a predetermined frequency for the 1-mil Supermalloy chokehaving the characteristics depicted in FIG. 11, then the extrapolatedimpedance and dimensions can be accomplished by: $\begin{matrix}{\frac{M_{x}}{M_{0}} = {\frac{L_{x}}{{7.5 \cdot i}\quad n} \cdot \frac{\ln \left( \frac{d_{o\quad x}}{d_{i\quad x}} \right)}{\ln (2)}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

[0070] where L_(x) is the length of the new choke, and d_(0x)/d_(ix) isthe ratio of the new outer and inner diameters.

[0071] The selection of the operating frequencies for both the downholepower/data signal and the uphole communications signal is aconsideration that impacts several aspects of the system. Selection of asuitable power frequency is a tradeoff between two competingconsiderations. The first consideration is to increase the frequencythereby reducing the size of the various chokes and also enabling higherdata rates to be used. Reducing the size of the various chokes is animportant consideration as it will facilitate handling, and permit theuse of the chokes in wells having limited clearance, such asmultiple-completion wells. The second consideration is to decrease thefrequency and thereby reduce the series impedance of the pipingstructure 111/casing 104 coaxial structure. This will decrease theeffect of the skin effect that imposes the major limitation on theavailable power transmitted downhole. In particular, for a choke havingan inner diameter of 3.2″, which allows for a clearance for the 3″piping structure, and an outer diameter of 5.5″, the length of the chokecan be limited to approximately 20″ using the parameters discussedherein. That is a maximum well depth of 10,000 feet, a downholefrequency between 0.60 kHz and 7 kHz, and a downhole data rate between4KBPS and 28KBPS.

[0072] The bit rate on the downhole communications is also constrainedby the available bandwidth and carrier frequency. The downholecommunications signal is in a relatively benign signal to noiseenvironment and is in a fixed physical structure. Accordingly, it isreasonable to assume useable bit rates from 4 to 8 bits/Hz on thedownhole power/data signal using a frequency that is low enough to avoidtransmission line effects. As discussed earlier, assuming a 12-volt rmssurface supply, increased skin effect series impedance becomes thelimiting factor of available power due to V²/R_(sk). Phase-modulationwith a 16 or 256 point constellation, such as 16 QAM, is a reasonabledesign choice.

[0073] Typical limitations of available downhole power transmission canbe illustrated by an example. If the outer diameter of the pipingstructure 111 is 3″, the inner diameter of the casing 104 is 9″, thewell depth is 10,000 ft., the power frequency is 1000 Hz, and thesurface supply voltage is 12-volts rms. It can be shown that R_(sk)=5.25Ω, X_(sk)=5.25 Ω, X_(L)=4.21 Ω, and X_(C)=−1033 Ω. Note that the shuntcapacitive reactance is 2.5 orders of magnitude greater than the otherparameters and may be disregarded. At the bottom of the well, the sourceimpedance back to the surface supply is 5.25+j9.47Ω. The maximum powerthat can be transferred from the 12-volt rms surface supply isapproximately 6.9w, wherein the load to extract this power must be thecomplex conjugate of the source impedance. This can be achieved througha careful circuit design.

[0074] If the piping structure 111 and case 104 are electrically shortedat the bottom of the well borehole, a bottom choke is added to isolatethis electrical short as was the surface choke as described above. Inthis instance, the complex source impedance will change and thus, thepower matching networks will need to be modified. So long as theintroduced elements contain reactive components and only small resistivecomponents, the total power transfer will remain substantiallyunchanged.

[0075] Table 1 provides seven different configurations that illustratevarious trade-offs. The following configurations are included forexemplary purposes only and should not be considered to be limiting inany way: TABLE 1 Well Depth No. of modems Frequency Power 10,000 ft. Onemodem at the well 1 kHz 6.9 W bottom 10,000 ft. 2 modems, one mid-well 1kHz 3.4 W/modem series-connected, one at the well bottom 10,000 ft. 3modems, 2 mid-well series- 1 kHz 2.3 W/modem connected, 1 at the wellbottom 10,000 ft. One modem at the well 4 kHz 3.4 W bottom  5,000 ft.One modem at the well 1 kHz 13.8 W  bottom  5,000 ft. One modem at thewell 7 kHz 5.8 W bottom 10,000 ft. Two modems, one mid-well 1 kHz 5.0W/modem parallel-connected, one at the well bottom

[0076] As Table 1 depicts, higher frequencies may be used as the carrierfrequency of the downhole power/data signal, however, the use of higherfrequencies reduces the downhole power availability. As discussed above,for multiple downhole modems, a parallel connection of the mid-wellmodems yields greater available downhole power than does seriesconnection. Also, if a higher frequency, say 4 kHz, is selected and,assuming that 4 bits/Hz QAM modulation is used, the data rate can beincreased from 4KPBS to 16KBPS. Similarly, a carrier frequency of 7 kHzresults in a data rate of 28 kbps.

[0077] As discussed above, the frequency of the uphole communicationssignals is higher than the frequency of the downhole power/data signal.The frequency of the uphole communications signal should be sufficientlyseparated from the frequency of the downhole signal to allow easyfiltering and separation of the two signals. In addition, the frequencyof the uphole communications signal should be below the operatingfrequency of any downhole switching power supplies. As discussed above,in the illustrated embodiment, the frequency of the upholecommunications signal has been selected to be between 60-124 kHz.

[0078] In the selected uphole communications frequency range, a 10,000foot well is between 0.6 and 1.24 wavelengths long. In this frequencyrange the piping structure/casing coaxial structure acts as atransmission line and is modeled as depicted in FIG. 7. The downholechoke can be easily matched to the characteristic impedance of the wellstructure over a narrow bandwidth using the equations provided above.However, although this would imply minimal reflections, the extent towhich this match may be maintained over frequency is uncertain.

[0079] The impedance match can be improved by sizing the downhole chokeimpedance to be noticeably greater than the characteristic impedance ofthe well structure and providing a network in parallel with the choke soas to provide a better impedance match.

[0080] If the impedance match is poor, operation over a broad bandwidthwill encounter multiple reflections. The consequent multipathpropagation of signals throughout the well structure will result in manyreflected signals arriving at a receiver at different times causinginter-symbol interference (ISI). This in turn will increase the biterror rate, forcing a drop in the data rate as discussed above withrespect to the functioning of the protocol processor.

[0081] It is known in radio frequency systems that radio signals sufferfrom fading caused by multipath propagation. As is also known in radiofrequency systems, single carrier techniques are vulnerable to fadingand multipath propagation problems. Multi-carrier techniques are used inradio frequency systems, however, to cope with these problems. Inparticular, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is used totransmit many narrow overlapping digital signals in parallel within asingle wide bandwidth. OFDM increases the number of paralleltransmission channels and reduces the data rate that each individualchannel must transmit. This reduction in the data rate of eachindividual channel increases the symbol period of each channel, reducingthe affect of ISI on each symbol. Thus, the larger the number ofchannels, the less affect ISI will have on any one symbol.

[0082] In the communications and power system described herein, thedownhole communications signal, which is carried on the power signal,has a high signal-to-noise ratio. However, the up-channel communicationssignal is far weaker and hence the signal-to-noise ratio is much less.Accordingly, the effect of multipath propagation and the reflectionstherefrom have a much larger effect on the up-channel signals.

[0083] Preferentially therefore, the up-channel communications signalsare transmitted using OFDM using QPSK modulation. If 1000 symbols/secare transmitted over 64 kHz, there are accordingly 64 orthogonalchannels with 1 kHz spacing therebetween. QPSK modulated data on eachchannel at 2 symbols/sec yields an aggregate data rate of 2*1000*64=128KBPS. However, the transmission environment within a well borehole issuch that some of these channels will be impaired and unable to transmitdata. An adaptive system that finds an optimal subset of 16 channels cantherefore be employed that provides a robust 32 KBPS data rate for theup-channel signal.

[0084] In one embodiment, at the initial power-up the adaptive systemqueries the downhole modem(s) and the downhole modem replies using aredundant signal that occupies all 64 channels in the predeterminedfrequency channels. The surface modem decodes the redundant symbolsreceived, and records the raw bit error rate experienced on each of thepredetermined frequency channels. Depending on the bit error ratesexperienced during this query/reply training sequence, the trainingsequence is repeated a number of times. The surface modem selects the 16channels having the lowest raw bit error rate and provides these 16channels to the downhole modem. The downhole modem is responsive to thereceived channel provided by the surface modem and transmits only onthese selected frequencies. In this way the up-channel transmitter poweris concentrated within the “best” part of the predetermined frequencychannels, where best indicates the channels having the lowest raw biterror rates. This process is repeated for each of the downhole modems,and in general each downhole modem employs a different frequency channelset. During normal operation, the surface modem monitors the bit errorrates of each downhole modem. If the bit error rates corresponding to aparticular downhole modem increases to a rate such that significantpacket retries are required, the surface modem will repeat thequery/reply training sequence for that downhole modem. Otherwise, theexisting frequency channels selected at the initial power-up are used.The corresponding subset of frequencies selected for each downhole modemby the surface modem will be retained in the event of a downhole powerfailure, and is used by the downhole modem upon a subsequent re-start.Alternatively, if the bit error rate is below a predetermined threshold,all 64 channels could be employed in passing data up-channel. The use ofall 64 channels would result in an up-channel data rate that is fourtimes higher than the 16-channel data rate. In this embodiment, thetransfer rate could thus be adapted to the channel conditions and morechannels could be used for those downhole modems having a sufficientlylow bit error rate.

[0085] Alternatively, OFDM could be used for the down-channel datasignal as well. This embodiment might be useful in situations where thelength of the piping structure dictates a very low power frequency, buta high down-channel data transfer rate is required by the downholeelectronic equipment. In such a system, the up-channel and down-channelsignals would co-exist in the 60-124 kHz frequency range, or othersuitable frequency range. In this embodiment the system could supporteither half or full duplex signal operation, and, in addition, packetscan be relayed from one downhole modem to the next in order to extendthe effective range of the communications signals. In this embodiment,the power signal is no longer modulated with the down-channel datasignal and the two signals are therefore separately transmitted signals.

[0086] In a system that utilizes OFDM both for up-channel anddown-channel signals, each signal is preferably modulated using QPSK,although other digital modulation schemes that allow for orthogonalsignaling may be used. As discussed above, this configuration isappropriate in cases where the length of the piping structure requires alow frequency power signal, for example in the 60 Hz-500 Hz frequencyrange. In this embodiment, due to the lower frequency, a downhole chokehaving an impedance that is able to extract sufficient power from thepower signal will have to be larger than the chokes described above withrespect to the combined power/data signal.

[0087]FIG. 13 depicts a surface system capable of providing a powersignal and a QPSK OFDM downhole signal. The surface system 1300 includesa power amplifier 1302 is coupled to an external power source 1301 andprovides a power signal to the power signal coupling network 1304 thatincludes transformer 1305 and series capacitor 1307. The power signalcoupling network 1304 is coupled to the case and piping structure asdescribed above. The power coupling network operates as described above.The external power source 1301 is also coupled to a power supply 1304that provides the voltages necessary for the proper operation of theelectronic equipment in the surface system 1300. In the illustrativeembodiment, the output voltages of power supply 1306 are ±5V and ±12V.

[0088] The surface system 1300 also includes the data receiver 1308 andtransmitter 1310. The data receiver 1308 and transmitter 1310 arecoupled to the case and piping structure via data coupling network 1312that includes a transformer 1313 and series capacitor 1315. The datacoupling network 1312 operates as described above. The data receiver1308 is similar to the receiver 402 depicted in FIG. 4, however thereceiver DSP 1320 and the protocol processor operate to demultiplex theOFDM signals and demodulate the QPSK modulated data therefrom. Thereceiver includes filters 1314 and 1316 and a notch filter 1328 toprovide attenuation of the power signal and a variable gain amplifierthat has the gain level set by the protocol processor 1320 as describedabove. The amplifier output is provided to an A/D converter 1320A thatprovides a digital representation of the received signal to the receiverDSP 1320 for processing.

[0089] The system 1300 also includes a data transmitter 1310 thatincludes a transmit DSP 1324 and an output transmit D/A 1324A Thetransmit DSP 1324 in conjunction with the protocol processor operate tomodulate a carrier signal in the 60-124 kHz range with data using a QPSKmodulation scheme and frequency multiplex this signal using OFDM. Themodulated and multiplexed signals are provided to the D/A converter1324A and the analog output provided to the data transmitter amplifier1326. The data transmitter amplifier 1326 is coupled to the datacoupling network 1312 for transmission on the case and piping structureas described above.

[0090] As discussed above, it may be desirable to provide a relayfunction to extend the range of the communications signals in very deepwells. In such a relay system, each downhole modem would receive andbuffer every message from the surface, whether it was addressed to thatparticular modem or not. A modem that received a message not addressedto itself would listen for an acknowledgement response from the downholeunit which had been addressed. If the modem did not receive anacknowledgement response within a predetermined time-out period, or ifthe acknowledgement response was received within the predeterminedtime-out period but was corrupted, the modem would decrement the relayfield of the message, and retransmit it. In this fashion, modems thatare further downhole can relay messages that could not otherwise reachthe lower portion of the well. The messages could be retransmitted oneor more times, and eventually be received by the intended modem. Thedownhole modems can operate in a chorus mode, wherein each downholemodem retransmits the received message at the same time. Alternatively,a predetermined subset of the downhole modems could be used toretransmit the received message. Alternatively, one or more downholemodems could be selected based on one or more characteristics of thereceived signal to retransmit the received message. A complementaryprocedure would be used for relaying signals in the up-channel path tothe surface modem. A relay capability may not be required in bothdirections due to the asymmetry of the transmission path in the upholeand downhole directions. However, because these conditions change withtime, the capability to relay signals in both directions should beprovided. Alternatively, the downhole modems may retransmit theacknowledgement signal to the surface modem. If the surface modem didnot receive an acknowledgement response within a predetermined time-outperiod, or if the acknowledgement response was received within thepredetermined time-out period but was corrupted, the surface modemretransmit it.

[0091] As discussed above, each oil or gas well presents a unique andharsh environment for the transfer of power and control signals downholeand telemetry data uphole. In particular, the depth of the well, thelayout of the well, whether the well includes branches, etc. influencesthe design and operation of the systems described in this document. Asdiscussed above, the surface modem and each downhole module includes aprotocol processor as well as receive and transmit DSPs. The ability toreprogram one or more of these devices would allow an oil or gas well tobe optimized based on the conditions observed at the well. Inparticular, one or more of the protocol processor, the receive DSP, andthe transmit DSP can include flash memory that can be reprogrammedremotely from the surface, via the downhole power/data signal. Thisreprogramming can include the particular frequencies to be used,particular modulation schemes to be used, the amount of signal power,and other communication system parameters. This ability forreprogramming can be accomplished using internal or external FLASHmemory and appropriate commands. Alternatively, other programmablememory included in the downhole module and coupled to the correspondingprocessor may be used as well. Moreover, one or more of the sensors oractuators may also include a processor and FLASH memory or otherprogrammable memory. Reprogramming these processors can also beaccomplished via the downhole power/data signal as well. In addition,the surface modem may be reprogrammed with updated algorithms andcommunications parameters as well. The surface modem may be reprogrammedeither remotely via a wide area network such as the internet or companyintranet, via a processor module located at or near the well itself, orthe surface modem protocol processor or other processor associated withthe surface equipment may reprogram data stored locally based on thedata received from the downhole modem(s).

[0092]FIG. 12 depicts the frequency spectra of the signals used in theillustrated embodiment of the downhole communications system describedherein. The power supply frequency at the unmodulated carrier frequencyis depicted by spectrum 1204, and the spectrum of the power signalmodulated with the data heading downhole is illustrated by spectrum1202. Spectra 1206 represents the spectrum of the up-channel OFDMsignal, and spectrum 1208 represents the switching frequency andassociated harmonics of the switching power supplies used in thedownhole modules. In the embodiment in which OFDM is used for both theup-channel and down-channel communications signals, the spectrum 1202would not be present and the up-channel and down-channel communicationssignals would be located within the spectrum 1206 and the power signalwould be located within the spectrum 1204.

[0093] Those of ordinary skill in the art should further appreciate thatvariations to and modification of the above-described methods, apparatusand system for communicating with equipment and sensors located downholein an oil or gas well may be made without departing from the inventiveconcepts disclosed herein. Accordingly, the invention should be viewedas limited solely by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A downhole telemetry and power system for usewith a borehole extending into a formation, the borehole including acasing positioned within the borehole and a piping structure containedwithin the casing, the system comprising: a surface choke coupled to thepiping structure; a surface system including a data source providingdata to be transmitted, a power amplifier coupled to the data source andto an external power source, the power amplifier having an outputelectrically coupled to the casing and the piping structure downholefrom the surface choke, the power amplifier operative to provide a powersignal having a first frequency and to modulate, in a first modulationscheme, the power signal with the data to be transmitted, wherein thefirst frequency of power signal is selected as a function of the depthof the borehole; a downhole choke having a first inductance, thedownhole choke disposed downhole a predetermined distance within theborehole and disposed coaxially about the piping structure, wherein thefirst inductance is selected as a function of the depth of the borehole;a downhole system including a power supply electrically coupled to thedownhole choke, the power supply configured and arranged to receive atleast a portion of the modulated power signal and to provide at leastone output voltage, the downhole system further including a receiverelectrically coupled to the choke coil and configured and arranged todemodulate the modulated power signal to recover the data to betransmitted.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the first frequency isbetween 750 Hz and 6000 Hz.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the firstfrequency is further determined as a function of the choke length. 4.The system of claim 3 wherein the first frequency is determined toprovide the choke length to be less than 20″.
 5. The system of claim 4wherein the first frequency is determined to provide the choke length tobe less than 10″.
 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the first frequencyis determined to provide the choke length to be less than or equal 7.5″.7. The system of claim 1 wherein the first frequency is determined toprovide a minimum of 2 watts to the downhole system.
 8. The system ofclaim 7 wherein the first frequency is determined to provide a minimumof 3 watts to the downhole system.
 9. The system of claim 8 wherein thefirst frequency is determined to provide a minimum of 5 watts to thedownhole system.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the first frequencyis determined to provide a minimum of 7 watts to the downhole system.11. The system of claim 10 wherein the first frequency is determined toprovide a minimum of 13 watts to the downhole system.
 12. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the first inductance is further determined as a functionof the characteristic impedance of the casing and piping structure. 13.The system of claim 12 wherein the first inductance is determined toprovide an impedance at the first frequency that is substantially equalto the characteristic impedance of the casing and piping structure. 14.The system of claim 12 wherein the first inductance is determined toprovide an impedance at the first frequency that is greater than to thecharacteristic impedance of the casing and piping structure.
 15. Thesystem of claim 14 wherein the first inductance is determined to providean impedance at the first frequency that is 2 to 4 times greater thanthe characteristic impedance of the casing and piping structure.
 16. Thesystem of claim 15 wherein the first inductance is determined to providean impedance at the first frequency that is 2.7 to 3.7 times greaterthan the characteristic impedance of the casing and piping structure.17. The system of claim 1 wherein the first modulation scheme isamplitude modulation.
 18. The system of claim 1 wherein the firstmodulation scheme is frequency modulation.
 19. The system of claim 18wherein the first modulation scheme is frequency shift keying.
 20. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the first modulation scheme is phasemodulation.
 21. The system of claim 20 wherein the first modulationscheme is phase shift keying.
 22. The system of claim 1 wherein thefirst modulation scheme is amplitude and phase modulation.
 23. Thesystem of claim 12 wherein the first modulation scheme is 16 QAMmodulation.
 24. The system of claim 1 wherein the downhole system iselectrically coupled across the downhole choke.
 25. The system of claim1 wherein the downhole system is electrically coupled between the pipingstructure and the case.
 26. The system of claim 1 wherein the downholesystem further includes a downhole transmitter coupled to a downholedata source and electrically coupled to the downhole choke, thetransmitter configured and arranged to provide a carrier signal and tomodulate the carrier signal with the downhole data to be transmitted ina second modulation scheme and to impress the modulated carrier signalonto the downhole choke to be transmitted via the piping structure. 27.The system of claim 26 wherein the surface system further includes asurface receiver electrically coupled to the piping structure, thesurface receiver configured and arranged to receive the modulatedcarrier signal from the downhole transmitter and to demodulate themodulated carrier signal and recover the downhole data to betransmitted.
 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the second modulationscheme is a digital modulation scheme.
 29. The system of claim 28wherein the digital modulation scheme is QPSK.
 30. The system of claim28 wherein the second modulation scheme is an orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexed (OFDM) signal.
 31. The system of claim 30 whereinthe OFDM signal includes 64 channels.
 32. The system of claim 31 whereina predetermined number of channels having the lowest bit error rates areselected to transmit up-channel data.
 33. The system of claim 32 whereinthe number of predetermined channels is less than
 32. 34. The system ofclaim 33 wherein the number of predetermined channels is
 16. 35. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the downhole system includes a plurality ofdownhole systems and a plurality of downhole choke coils, each downholesystem electrically coupled to a corresponding downhole choke coil. 36.The system of claim 1 wherein the downhole receiver includes an inputvariable frequency notch filter electrically coupled to the downholechoke coil and an having an output coupled to a variable gain amplifier,the downhole receiver further includes a protocol processor that adjuststhe center frequency of the variable frequency notch filter and alsoadjusts the gain of the variable gain amplifier.
 37. The system of claim36 wherein the gain adjustment of the variable gain is a function of thebit error rate of the down-channel data transmission.
 38. The system ofclaim 36 wherein the frequency adjustment of the variable frequencynotch filter is a function of the bit error rate of the down-channeldata transmission.